《迷信》（20250314出书）一周论文导读

编译|未玖Science, 14 MAR 2025, VOL 387, ISSUE 6739《迷信》2025年3月14日，第387卷，6739期?地理学AstronomyThree-dimensional maps of the interstellar dust extinction curve within the Milky Way galaxy河汉系内星际灰尘消光曲线的三维图▲ 作者：XIANGYU ZHANG AND GREGORY M. GREEN▲链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado9787▲择要：星际灰尘颗粒经由过程接收跟散射招致配景地理光源的光消光。消光曲线的光谱外形取决于灰尘的构成。研讨组用低辨别率光谱丈量了1.3亿颗恒星的消光曲线。经由过程反演这些数据，绘制了河汉系内三维跟麦哲伦星云内二维的消光曲线参数R(V)。这些舆图为地理观察供给了改进的消光校订东西。研讨组发明R(V)随消光而变更，与低消光区灰尘颗粒的吸积成长跟高消光区灰尘颗粒的凝集成长相分歧。恒星构成地区的R(V)值较高，标明这些地区要么优先损坏小灰尘颗粒，要么额定供给年夜灰尘颗粒。▲ Abstract：Interstellar dust grains cause extinction (absorption and scattering) of light from background astronomical sources. The spectral shape of the extinction curve depends on the dust composition. We used low-resolution optical spectra to measure the extinction curve of 130 million stars. By inverting these data, we mapped the extinction curve parameter R(V) within the Milky Way in three dimensions and within the Magellanic Clouds in two dimensions. These maps provide improved extinction corrections for astronomical observations. We find that R(V) varies with extinction, consistent with dust grains growing by accretion in low-extinction regions and by coagulation in higher-extinction regions. Star-forming regions have high R(V) values, indicating either preferential destruction of small dust grains or additional supply of large dust grains in those regions.物理学PhysicsCircularly polarized electroluminescence from chiral supramolecular semiconductor thin films手性超分子半导体薄膜的圆偏振电致发光▲ 作者：RITUPARNO CHOWDHURY, MARCO D. PREUSS, HWAN-HEE CHO, JOSHUA J. P. THOMPSON, SAMARPITA SEN, TOMI K. BAIKIE, ET AL.▲链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adt3011▲择要：以后无机发光二极管（OLED）技巧应用了分子主体中的发光分子。研讨组报道了手性有序超分子组装中的绿色圆偏振发光（CPL），在三氮杂蒽（TAT）体系中存在24%的错误称性。他们发明TAT组装成螺距为六个分子的螺旋构造，经由过程将角动量与价带跟导带耦合，发生了所察看到的CPL。在构造不婚配的“主体”资料中，TAT作为“客体”的共升华可实现薄膜的制作，此中掺杂剂跟主体经由过程热触发纳米相分别来原位实现手性结晶，同时坚持薄膜的完全性。这种OLED的外量子效力高达16%，电致发光错误称性≥10%。手性超构造的真空堆积为摸索手性驱动的光学景象跟输运景象供给了新的机遇。▲ Abstract：Current organic light-emitting diode (OLED) technology uses light-emitting molecules in a molecular host. We report green circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) in a chirally ordered supramolecular assembly, with 24% dissymmetry in a triazatruxene (TAT) system. We found that TAT assembled into helices with a pitch of six molecules, associating angular momentum to the valence and conduction bands and obtaining the observed CPL. Cosublimation of TAT as the “guest” in a structurally mismatched “host” enabled fabrication of thin films in which chiral crystallization was achieved in situ by thermally triggered nanophase segregation of dopant and host while preserving film integrity. The OLEDs showed external quantum efficiencies of up to 16% and electroluminescence dissymmetries ≥10%. Vacuum deposition of chiral superstructures opens new opportunities to explore chiral-driven optical and transport phenomena.Piezoelectricity in half-Heusler narrow-bandgap semiconductors半赫斯勒窄带隙半导体中的压电性▲ 作者：YI HUANG, FU LV, SHEN HAN, MENGZHAO CHEN, YUECHU WANG, QIANHUI LOU, ET AL.▲链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads9584▲择要：压电性重要在非核心对称绝缘体或宽带隙半导体中察看到。研讨组报道了半赫斯勒（HH）窄带隙半导体TiNiSn、ZrNiSn跟TiCoSb中察看到的压电（PE）效应。这些资料的剪切PE应变系数在ZrNiSn跟TiCoSb平分别到达约38跟33 pC/N，这长短核心对称非极性资料中的较高值。研讨组展现了一种基于TiCoSb的PE传感器，其存在很年夜的电压呼应，可能为电容器充电。HHs中的PE效应在高达1173 K的温度下坚持热稳固性，凸显了其在低温利用中的潜力。该察看成果标明，这些HH窄带隙半导体无望利用于进步多功效技巧范畴。▲ Abstract：Piezoelectricity is primarily observed in noncentrosymmetric insulators or wide bandgap semiconductors. We report the observation of the piezoelectric (PE) effect in 188体育直播half-Heusler (HH) narrow-bandgap semiconductors TiNiSn, ZrNiSn, and TiCoSb. These materials exhibit shear PE strain coefficients that reach ~38 and 33 picocoulombs per newton in ZrNiSn and TiCoSb, respectively, which are high values for noncentrosymmetric nonpolar materials. We demonstrated a TiCoSb-based PE sensor with a large voltage response and capable of charging a capacitor. The PE effect in HHs remains thermally stable up to 1173 kelvin, underscoring their potential for high-temperature applications. Our observations suggest that these HH narrow-bandgap semiconductors may find promising applications for advanced multifunctional technologies.化学ChemistryExcited-state configuration of nitroarenes enables oxidative cleavage of aromatics over alkenes硝基芳烃的激起态构型实现芳烃优先于烯烃停止氧化裂解▲ 作者：WESLEY J. OLIVIER, PIOTR B?YSZCZYK, ENRIQUE M. ARPA, KENSHIRO HITOSHIO, MIGUEL GOMEZ-MENDOZA, VíCTOR DE LA PE?A O’SHEA, ET AL.▲链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads3955▲择要：芳烃的臭氧剖析还是无机化学范畴的一个挑衅。臭氧优先与烯烃而不是与芳烃反映，这象征着一旦初始芳烃产生裂解，脱芳烃产品实质上比肇端物资更具反映性。因而，这个进程无奈结束，招致完整氧化。处理这一挑衅须要推翻传统化学抉择性的内涵规矩，即在反映性更强底物存在的情形下转化反映性较弱底物。研讨组证实这个观点可经由过程应用光激起硝基芳烃来实现。这种化学抉择进程胜利的要害是应用硝基芳烃，它优先激起到三重态π,π*态而不是n,π*态。激起态构型的这种改变供给了一个底本无奈实现的其余门路，即在烯烃存在的情形下，氧化裂解转向芳烃。▲ Abstract：The ozonolytic deconstruction of aromatics remains a challenge in organic chemistry. Ozone preferentially reacts with alkenes over arenes, meaning that once the initial aromatic cleavage occurs, the dearomatized products are inherently more reactive than the starting materials. Consequently, the process cannot be halted, resulting in full oxidation. Addressing this challenge requires subverting intrinsic rules of chemoselectivity to transform a less reactive substrate in the presence of a more reactive one. We demonstrate that this concept can be achieved by using photoexcited nitroarenes. Crucial to the success of this chemoselective process is the use of a nitroarene that is preferentially excitable to a triplet π,π* state over the n,π* state. This switch in excited-state configuration provides an otherwise inaccessible manifold, in which oxidative cleavage is diverted toward aromatics in the presence of alkenes.地球迷信Earth ScienceGeological resource production constrained by regional water availability地区水资本可用性制约地质资本出产▲ 作者：KAMRUL ISLAM, KEITARO MAENO, RYOSUKE YOKOI, DAMIEN GIURCO, SHIGEMI KAGAWA, SHINSUKE MURAKAMI, ET AL.▲链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk5318▲择要：固然寰球经济须要开采地质资本，但出产对情况有严重影响，包含应用地区可用水。研讨组将地区水资本可用性作为限度要素，提醒了32种开采地质资本的寰球出产才能。他们发明，现在的资本开采年夜年夜超越了地区水资本限度，特殊是2010年的铜开采（以后产量的37%超越了可用的水资本容量）。将出产所在转移到水资本压力较小的地域将缓解现在超越水资本限度的情形；但是斟酌到经济要素，这并不事实。估计将来对地质资本的需要将须要年夜幅增添用水量。斟酌水资本在地质资本出产中的限度对可连续开展至关主要。▲ Abstract：Although the global economy requires geological resource mining, production has substantial environmental impacts, including the use of regional available water. In this study, we shed light on the global production capacity of 32 mined geological resources, considering regional water availability as a constraint. We found that current resource mining greatly exceeds regional water constraints for several, notably copper (37% of current production exceeds available water capacity) in 2010. Changing the location of production to regions of lower water stress would alleviate current exceedances of water constraints; however, considering economic factors shows that this is not always feasible. Future demand for geological resources is expected to require a considerable increase in water consumption. Considering the constraints of water resources in geological resource production is crucial for sustainability.Deep learning the flow law of Antarctic ice shelves深度进修南极冰架的活动法则▲ 作者：YONGJI WANG, CHING-YAO LAI, DAVID J. PRIOR AND CHARLIE COWEN-BREEN▲链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp3300▲择要：南极冰架支持着空中冰盖，减缓了寰球海立体的回升。但是，冰的活动法则跟粘度构造等基础力学性子仍存在争议。在这项任务中，研讨组联合遥感数据跟物理常识的深度进修，对多个冰架停止了剖析，发明紧缩区的冰活动法则遵守粒度敏感的复合流变法则，而扩大区的冰则存在各向异性。研讨组构建了冰架范畴的各向异性黏度图，捕获了克制裂谷传布的缝合带构造。在接地带邻近揣摸的应力指数决议了接地线冰通量跟稳固性，而揣摸的粘度图则为裂谷的猜测供给了信息。两者对猜测南极冰盖将来的品质丧失都是至关主要的。▲ Abstract：Antarctic ice shelves buttress the grounded ice sheet, mitigating global sea level rise. However, fundamental mechanical properties, such as the ice flow law and viscosity structure, remain under debate. In this work, by leveraging remote-sensing data and physics-informed deep learning, we provide evidence over several ice shelves that the flow law follows a grain size–sensitive composite rheology in the compression zone. In the extension zone, we found that ice exhibits anisotropic properties. We constructed ice shelf–wide anisotropic viscosity maps that capture the suture zones, which inhibit rift propagation. The inferred stress exponent near the grounding zone dictates the grounding-line ice flux and grounding line stability, whereas the inferred viscosity maps inform the prediction of rifts. Both are essential for predicting the future mass loss of the Antarctic Ice Sheet.